VMC^®/Homeland Security Programs and the Center for Excellence in Disabilities at West Virginia University, in cooperation with Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, are engaged in a project to study and make planning recommendations for special needs populations in bioterrorism events and other disasters. This handbook is intended to be used by course designers, emergency planners and related groups to provide a basic level of knowledge on disability and special needs.

Compiled by Margo Neal, Technology Consultant, West Virginia Disability Business Technical Assistance Center (DBTAC) and Jamie Hayhurst-Marshall, Assistive Technology Coordinator, West Virginia Assistive Technology System (WVATS), Center for Excellence in Disabilities (CED)

1. Special Needs and Emergencies

One of the most important roles of local government is to protect their citizens from harm including helping people prepare for and respond to emergencies. Making local government emergency preparedness and response programs accessible to people with disabilities is a critical part of this responsibility. Making these programs accessible is required by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA).

If you are responsible for your community's emergency planning or response activities, you should involve people with disabilities in identifying needs and evaluating effective emergency management practices. Issues that have the greatest impact on people with disabilities include: notification, evacuation, emergency transportation, sheltering, access to medical care and medications, access to their mobility devices or service animals while in transit or at shelters and access to information.

In planning for emergency services, you should consider the needs of people who use mobility aids such as wheelchairs, scooters, walkers, canes or crutches, or people who have limited stamina. Plans also need to include people who use oxygen or respirators, people who are blind or who have low vision, people who are hard of hearing, people who have a cognitive disability, people with mental illness and those with other types of disabilities.

Although employers are not required to have emergency evacuation plans under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), if employers covered by the ADA opt to have such plans they are required to include people with disabilities.

Further, employers who do not have emergency evacuation plans may have to address emergency evacuation for employees with disabilities as a reasonable accommodation under Title I of the ADA.

In addition, employers in certain industries may have obligations to develop emergency evacuation plans under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA Act) or under state and local law.

If you are a person with a disability, know how to reduce the impact of a disaster on yourself.

What can you do to reduce the effects of the disaster and to develop a personal disaster plan?
Start by considering the following actions:

• Create a personal support network.
• Complete a personal assessment of your needs.
• Collect information and take actions that will help you meet your needs during evacuations and after the disaster happens.
• Gather essential supplies you will need during and after a disaster, and especially those specific to your disability.
• Make your home or office safer.

1a. Community Planners' Roles

Include People with Disabilities in All Levels of Emergency Preparedness

• People with disabilities take measures to prepare themselves for emergencies.
• Preparedness officials across the country are including people with disabilities in the planning, training exercises and the response activities being undertaken at the community level.
• People with disabilities are taking an active role in participating alongside preparedness officials before, during and after an emergency.

Know Your Community Members

• Identify the concentrations of people with disabilities who live in the community. This includes large-scale senior housing developments, residential care facilities and schools with large populations of students with disabilities.
• Work with local disability organizations to identify clusters of people with disabilities who either live or work in the community.
• Work with primary and specialty care providers for patients with special needs to identify their roles in disaster planning for their patients with special needs.
• Partner with community organizations, Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN), families and agencies.
• Help families of children with special needs prepare disaster shelter plans.
• Collect and analyze data on specific resource availability before, during and after community-wide disasters.
• Identify provision of resources and funding by public and private healthcare funding agencies based on the impact of disasters.

Communication is the Key

• Well before an event as part of a preparedness outreach effort
• Before an event as an emergency warning or notification
• During an event as emergency information and instruction
• Following the event as recovery information

Develop a Special Needs Registry

Develop a Disability Phone Tree

Develop Evacuation Plans

Buildings, Residential Facilities and Other Tall or Large Structures with Relatively Permanent Residents

Large Facilities, Such as Stadiums, Arenas and Museums with No Permanent Residents

Entire Communities

Include Disability Needs in the Recovery Phase

Include Major Considerations in the Recovery Phase

• Make allowances at blockades, shelters and other impacted areas for access by attendants, home health aides, visiting nurses, guide animals and other individuals crucial to the immediate health care needs of people with disabilities.
• Identify the impact (on the disability community) of an interruption in utility services.
• Plan for accessible shelter and appropriate temporary housing needs.
• Address how people with disabilities who are employed will get to work shortly after the disaster.
• Involve representatives of the disability community in "after action reviews" in order to capture the true impact of the disaster and to improve plans for the future.

Consider Other Factors

• Train volunteers ahead of time in the basics of helping their fellow residents with disabilities.
• Federal, state and local regulatory codes address special needs issues, and it is important to understand when such codes can help in the context of emergency planning.
• If no regulatory codes are in place, lobby for changes that can strengthen the ability of emergency professionals to incorporate special needs issues into plans and response capabilities.
• Shelters must meet minimal accessibility levels so that all members of a community can find safety. The level of medical oversight to be provided must be determined well in advance of an emergency.
• Make accessible transportation available during and after a disaster.
• During the planning and preparedness phase, make sure that groups providing services to the disability community are informed about the importance of proper business continuity planning to ensure ongoing services to people with disabilities after a disaster.
• There are many types of emergency equipment for use by people with disabilities during a disaster. These include specialized evacuation chairs, transfer-height cots, communication boards and reverse 911 notification systems. To ensure the use of only the highest quality equipment, emergency professionals should rely on appropriate members of the disability community to help research and "test drive" equipment before such items are written into plans or purchased by municipalities.

1b. Individuals With Special Needs

Evacuation Preparedness Tips

• Evaluate your need to be identified as someone who requires assistance during an evacuation.
• Master the skill of giving quick information on how to best assist you. Establish a personal support network or self-help team.
• Do an ability self-assessment. Evaluate your capabilities, limitations, needs and surroundings to determine what type of help you will need in an emergency.
• Understand your emergency evacuation options. Use your judgment, given your specific situation and the information you have available during an emergency. If you will need evacuation assistance, your options could include:
       - Being carried
       - Using evacuation chairs
       - Identifying an area of refuge/rescue assistance
       - Sprinkling buildings
       - Using an elevator
       - Establishing an emergency plan for your home

Personal Support Network

Organize a network for your home, school, or workplace - any place where you spend a lot of time. A personal support network is made up of individuals who will check with you and assist when needed. These people are usually located in the same area as you.

Include at least three people for each location and give each of them a copy of any disaster preparedness lists you have created, such as:

• Your personal needs assessment, medical information, disability-related supplies and special equipment, evacuation plans, and relevant emergency documents.
• A plan of how and when you and your network will contact each other during an emergency.

Also, consider doing the following activities with your network team:

• Show them how to operate and safely move the equipment you use.
• Make sure your service animal knows the people in your network.
• Have network members practice your evacuation plan during a simulated emergency.

Disability-Related Items You Use

• Disability-related supplies and special equipment (such as wheelchair, walker, crutches, cane, glasses, hearing device, writing device, eating utensils, dentures, medical equipment, prescriptions, or supplies)
• Service animals and pet supplies (such as food, extra water, leash/harness/collar, ID tags, medications)

Personal Needs Assessment

Make a list of your personal needs and how you are currently meeting them. Then, make an additional list to include resources or additional assistance you would need in each area during a disaster. Include these items on your lists:

• Transportation (such as specially-equipped vehicle or accessible transportation)
• Errands (such as getting groceries or medications)

• Personal care (such as adaptive equipment for getting dressed or shower chair or tub-transfer bench)
• Water service
• Adaptive feeding devices (special utensils)
• Electricity-dependent equipment (such as dialysis or electrical lifts)

• Building exits (such as other exits if elevator isn't working)
• Getting help (how to get help leaving the building)
• Mobility aids (such as service animals, equipment)
• Ramp access (such as other options if ramp is broken or separated from building)
• Service animals/pets (how to provide food, shelter and veterinary attention after a disaster)

2. Disability Etiquette

2a. Person First

1. Speak of the person first, then the disability.
2. Emphasize abilities, not limitations.
3. Do not label people as part of a disability group - don't say "the disabled." Say "people with disabilities."
4. A "disability" is a functional limitation that interferes with a person's ability to walk, hear, talk or learn. A "handicap" is a situation or barrier imposed by society, the environment or oneself.
             
   • Accept persons with disabilities as individuals, entitled to the same respect and treatment you would want for yourself.
   • Treat adults with disabilities as adults. Do not patronize them by telling them how courageous they are, patting them on the back, or talking to them like children.
   • Extending to shake hands is appropriate for greeting all individuals regardless of disability.
   • Speak directly to the person with a disability rather than through a companion.
   • While it is rude to stare or ask personal questions, do not pretend the disability does not exist.
   • Offer assistance, but wait until your offer is accepted before you help. If your offer to help is declined, do not insist. Listen to any instructions the person may want to give you.
   • Be considerate of the extra time a person with a disability may need. Let the person set the pace in talking or walking.

2b. Disability Acronyms

• ADA - The Americans with Disabilities Act
• ASL - American Sign Language (which is an American language other than English)
• TDD - Telecommunication Device for the Deaf (also referred to as TTY - teletypewriter)

3. Web Sites and Online Courses

Online Barriers Faced By People with Disabilities

Many people with disabilities use "assistive technology" to enable them to use computers and access the Internet. People who cannot see computer monitors may use screen readers - devices that speak the text that would normally appear on a monitor. People who have difficulty using a computer mouse can use voice recognition software to control their computers with verbal commands. People with other types of disabilities may use still other kinds of assistive technology.

Poorly designed web sites can create barriers for people with disabilities, just as poorly designed buildings prevent some people from entering them. Designers may not realize how simple features built into a web page will assist someone who, for instance, cannot see a computer monitor or use a mouse.

3a. Legal Requirements

Section 508 refers specifically to Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended by the Workforce Investment Act of 1998. The law requires federal agencies to purchase electronic and information technology that is accessible to employees with disabilities. If those agencies provide information technology to the public, it too shall be accessible by persons with disabilities.

The electronic and information technology includes: software applications and operating systems; web sites, telecommunications equipment; desktop and portable computers; video and multimedia; self-contained and stand-alone products; as well as information, documentation and support products.

Section 508 was included in an amendment to the Rehabilitation Act in 1986, with the requirement that the federal government provide accessible technology to employees and to the public. But the 1986 version provided no guidance for determining accessibility of information technology, and there were no enforcement procedures.

The 1998 amendment addressed both of these issues. The Access Board (the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board) was assigned the task of determining standards for accessible electronic and information technology.

Section 508 requires that functional standards be used. For example, it is required that there be a way for a person who has a mobility impairment or blindness to use your product or web site. In addition, the Section 508 standards say your web site has to satisfy 16 specific items for web accessibility. These 16 items will be discussed in the next chapter.

Section 255 of the Communications Act

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has rules requiring telecommunications manufacturers and service providers to make their products and services accessible to people with disabilities, if readily achievable. These rules implement Section 255 of the Communications Act.

Where it is not readily achievable to provide access, Section 255 requires manufacturers and providers to make their devices and services compatible with peripheral devices and specialized "customer premises equipment" (CPE) that are commonly used by people with disabilities, if such compatibility is readily achievable. CPE is telecommunications equipment used in the home or office (or other premises) to originate, route or terminate telecommunications. Examples of CPE are telephones, fax machines, answering machines and pagers.

The FCC implements rules that require broadcasters, cable operators and other multichannel video programming distributors to make local emergency information that they provide to their viewers (e.g., pertaining to storms, school closings and other emergencies) accessible to persons with hearing and vision disabilities.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

The ADA in essence requires accommodation in the provision of public services and employment. The ADA empowers employees to request "reasonable accommodations" throughout the business environment, including intranet sites, software, and hardware. The ADA also is being applied to web sites of organizations and businesses, even though the ADA does not include specific guidelines for web site accessibility.

The major categories of disability types are:

             
        

3b. Accessibility and Usability

What Does it Mean to be "Accessible?"
Basically, technology is accessible if it can be used as effectively by people with disabilities as by those without them. Because of the multimedia nature of the web combined with the poor design of some web sites, many Internet surfers cannot access the full range of resources this tool provides.

• Cannot see graphics because of visual impairments
• Cannot hear audio because of hearing impairments
• Cannot use a mouse because of mobility impairments
• Use slow Internet connections and modems or equipment that cannot easily download large files
• Have difficulty navigating sites that are poorly organized with unclear directions because they have learning disabilities, speak English as a second language, or are younger than the average user
• Cannot contribute to audio conferences because of speech impairments

What Does it Mean to be "Usable?"

What Is the Difference?

It is important to remember that while Section 508 is a set of guidelines to follow, the issue of usability should be given equal attention. Many design aspects that are good for general usability are required for accessibility.

It is possible for a web site to be considered usable but still not be accessible. For example, if your site provides many navigation links on the left side of every page, that would be consistent layout and may be considered usable. However, you should provide a way to allow users with screen readers to skip these links and go directly to the content of the page. Otherwise they will have to listen to all of these links being read to them over and over again.

How Do We Make Web Sites and Online Courses Accessible and Usable to All?

• Maintain a simple, consistent page layout throughout your site.
  For example, a standard navigation menu or logo for the site should always appear in the same place. A clear, consistent presentation will especially assist people with visual impairments or learning disabilities who have difficulty using disorganized navigation schemes.
• Keep backgrounds simple. Make sure there is enough contrast.
  People with low vision or colorblindness, or those using black and white monitors, can have difficulty reading information at sites with busy backgrounds. Some background images and colors obscure text and make reading difficult. Make sure that there is enough contrast between your text and the background of the page. Always test your site by viewing it at different resolutions and color depths.
• Use standard HTML as much as possible.
  Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard code used to create web sites. Tags tell a web browser where to find and how to display information. Using standard HTML will ensure that your content can be accessed by all visitors to your site, including those using text-based browsers. Avoid tags, applets and plug-ins that are available to only one brand or version of a browser. Provide alternative methods for carrying out the functions if you have no other option, such as providing the content in alternative, text-based formats.
• Include a note about accessibility.
  Notify site visitors that you are concerned about accessibility. Include a statement about accessibility and encourage them to notify you with their accessibility concerns.
• Make links descriptive so that they are understood out of context.
  Visitors who use screen reading software can adjust their software to read only the links on a page. For this reason, use a descriptive phrase as a link. For example, have a link say "resources" instead of "click here."
• Do not rely on color codes alone to provide information.
  If you present information using only color, a person who cannot distinguish color will not have access to that information. For example, instead of saying "Click the green button," place the word OK on the button and say: "Click the green OK button."
• Make audio and video content accessible.
  If multimedia content on your web site is audio, a person who is deaf or hard of hearing cannot access that content unless provision is made for a visual presentation of the content. Similarly, if the content is video, a person with vision impairments will miss the message unless the information in the video is described. The solution is to provide written transcriptions for all multimedia presentations and add captions to your videos so visitors have an alternative method for accessing the information.
• Make sure tables are organized properly.
  Use appropriate tags to ensure that layout and data tables make sense when read left to right, top to bottom by screen readers.
• Use frames sparingly and consider alternatives.
  Some screen reader programs read from left to right, jumbling the meaning of information in frames. When frames are used, ensure that frames are titled.
• Provide alternatives for forms and databases.
  Some combinations of browsers and screen readers encounter errors with nonstandard or complex forms. Always test forms and databases with a text-based browser. Include an e-mail address and other contact information for those who cannot use your forms or database.

Ways To Test Your Site for Accessibility and Usability by All

• Browsers - Test your web site with a variety of standard web browsers. Also, test your pages with at least one text- based browser, and with multi media browsers with graphics and sound-loading features turned off.
• Computers - View your site using a variety of computing platforms, monitor sizes, and screen resolutions.
• Navigation - Make sure you can access all of the features of your web site with the keyboard alone, simulating the experience of web users who cannot use a mouse. Also, implement a 'skip navigation' strategy for screen reader users.
• Validation - Make use of accessibility testing software such as accessibility toolbars and validators. See list of validators.

Other Ways To Provide Accessibility and Usability Support

• Printed Materials - Be prepared to convert them to Braille, large print, audiotape or electronic format as needed.
• Updates - Assign someone to be responsible for updating disability-related program access policies and guidelines and for assuring compliance.
• Training and Support - Be prepared to provide training and support regarding accessibility issues.

3c. 508 Chart of "16 Standards"?

Section 508 required that the Access Board establish standards for accessibility. To do that the Board empaneled the Electronic and Information Technology Access Advisory Committee (EITAAC) in October of 1998. The EITAAC was composed of representatives from industry, academics, government and disability advocacy organizations. The group proposed standards for accessible electronic and information technology.

The final Section 508 rule (§ 1194.22) states that your web site has to satisfy 16 specific items for web accessibility. These standards are summarized below.

• As of June 2001, all government web sites must conform to these standards.
• Any company doing business with the federal government or with states receiving technical assistance funds need to have an accessible web presence.

4. Resources and Links

4a. Special Needs and Emergencies

Disaster Preparedness for People with Disabilities
American Red Cross Disaster Services
This detailed 48-page booklet can be downloaded in PDF or WordPerfect format

An ADA Guide for Local Governments - Making Community Emergency Preparedness and Response Programs Accessible to People with Disabilities
U.S. Department of Justice

Individuals with Disabilities in Emergency Preparedness
U.S. Department of Labor

Employers Guide to Including Employees with Disabilities in Emergency Evacuation Plans
Job Accommodation Network

Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities
U.S. Department of Transportation

Preparing Emergencies for the Special Needs Population: A Checklist for People with Mobility Problems
Downloadable PDF Emergency checklist

The Emergency Preparedness Initiative Guide for Emergency Managers, Planners & Responders - Disability Specific Resources
Many detailed online guides are available and can be downloaded in PDF or HTML format

Emergency Preparedness Initiative: Guide on the Special Needs of People with Disabilities For Emergency Managers, Planners and Responders (PDF format)
National Organization on Disability (NOD)

Preparing for Emergencies: A Checklist for People with Mobility Problems (PDF format)
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

Emergency Evacuation Preparedness: Taking Responsibility for Your Safety: A Guide for People with Disabilities and Other Activity Limitations (PDF format)
Center for Disability Issues and the Health Professions (CDIHP)

Evacuation Preparedness Guide - focuses on people with disabilities and activity limitations
Center for Disability Issues in the Health Professions (CDIHP)

DisabilityInfo.gov
Links to many resources related to emergency preparedness

The NBDC Yellow Pages: Emergency Evacuation Procedures to Assist Employees with Disabilities
National Business & Disability Council (NBDC)

Disaster Resources for People with Disabilities and Emergency Managers
Assisting People with Disabilities in a Disaster

FCC Consumer Facts (Federal Communications Commission)
Requirement that all video programming distributors who provide emergency information do so in a format that is accessible to people who are deaf or hard of hearing or blind or have low vision

4b. Disability Etiquette

Disability Etiquette Tips for Speaking Engagements
Job Accommodation Network (JAN)

Disability Etiquette - Section 504 Handbook
Contains many etiquette tips related to (a) blindness and visual impairments and (b) speech disabilities

Disability Etiquette: Using Words with Dignity
Guidelines by the Community Resources for Independence (CRI)

Disability Training
Contains lists of many videos, CDs, DVDs and training courses that can be ordered to assist with disability awareness

Online Disability Etiquette Handbook
Includes workplace accommodations, conversational etiquette, interviewing techniques, and do's and don'ts

Employ-ABILITY Handbook
Accessible Attitudes: Disability Etiquette for One-Stop Staff

Disability Basics - etiquette guidelines, attitudinal barriers and positive language
Suggestions by the National Collaborative on Workforce and Disability (NCWD)/Youth

Workforce Wisdom: Basic Tips in Disability Etiquette
National Resource Center for Workforce Solutions

The Disability Etiquette Page
General disability, blind, deaf and wheelchair user etiquette tips.

Ten Commandments Of Communicating With People With Disabilities
26-minute training video or DVD that can be purchased for disability awareness training

Disability Etiquette
Farm Safety News

National Business and Disability Council (NBDC)
The NBDC web page contains links to a number of fact sheets and tip sheets related to disability etiquette and workplace issues

4c. Legal Requirements

WebABLE
WebABLE has links to many disability-related Internet resources that ensure accessibility for people with disabilities. This section lists and defines all 16 Section 508 accessibility requirements for web sites.

Section 508: The Road to Accessibility
Section508.gov

Section 255 of the Communications Act - Telecommunications access for people with disabilities
FCC - Federal Communications Commission

Section 508 accessibility, including validators, tips, and assistive technologies
Usability.gov - DHHS - US Department of Health and Human Services

Evaluating Web Site Accessibility
WebAIM - Web Accessibility in Mind

Section 508 Checklist
WebAIM - Web Accessibility in Mind

508 Web Accessibility Tutorial
Jim Thatcher

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act - Electronic and information technology accessibility standards
United States Access Board

AccessIT
Accessible University (AU) mock site developed as a tool for demonstrating Section 508 and other web accessibility principles

ITTATC Web Accessibility Course
Free, self-paced, online course for creating accessible web sites that comply with Section 508 standards

Web Accessibility 101
Free, self-paced, online course focusing on web accessibility policy, 508 standards, and design.
University of Wisconsin - Madison

Section 508 for Software Development
IRS online training course

U.S. Legal Activities on Web Accessibility
UIAccess.com - a resource for universal interface design and usable accessibility information

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Information and technical assistance on the ADA

4d. Accessibility and Universal Design

Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking & Technology.
Contains many links to developing accessible video presentations and online courses. National Center on Accessible Distance Learning (AccessDL) - University of Washington DO-IT

Distance Learning: Universal Design, Universal Access
Educational Technology Review. Sherry Burgstahler, University of Washington

Courseware Accessibility
Links from SNOW (Special Needs Opportunity Windows)

Developing Accessible Learning Applications
Guidelines from IMS Global Learning Consortium, Inc.

Creating Video and Multimedia Products that are Accessible to People with Sensory Impairments
Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology (DO-IT) - University of Washington

Accessibility in Distance Education
A Resource for Faculty in Online Teaching - University of Maryland University College (UMUC)

Online training for persons with disabilities
Equal Access to Software and Information (EASI)

Online tutorial that explains how to create accessible distance learning materials
Georgia Tech Research on Accessible Distance Education (GRADE)

Introduction to Accessible Information Technology in Education
AccessIT - University of Washington

Creating Accessible Online Courses and Web Sites
Penn State University tutorial

Dive into Web Accessibility
Self-paced online tutorial where material can be arranged by type of disability, design principle, web browser, or publishing tool

Web Accessibility - Making your Web Site Accessible to the Blind
Curtis Chong - National Federation of the Blind (NFB)

Web Accessibility - Making the Web Accessible for the Deaf, Hearing and Mobility Impaired
Mike Paciello, WebABLE.com

Links to many resources related to accessible information technology
Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology (DO-IT)

National Center on Accessible Information Technology in Education (AccessIT)
AccessIT promotes the use of electronic and information technology (E&IT) for students and employees with disabilities in educational institutions at all academic levels

National Center for Accessible Media (NCAM)
The CPB/WGBH NCAM Center is a research and development facility dedicated to the issues of media and information technology for people with disabilities in their homes, schools, workplaces, and communities

Web Accessibility in Mind (WebAIM)
WebAIM's mission is to expand the potential of the Web for people with disabilities by providing the knowledge, technical skills, tools, organizational leadership strategies, and vision that empower organizations to make their own content accessible to people with disabilities

Section 508 Technical Training Course for Web Programming
By TecAccess, this course was to ensure that websites are Section 508 compliant and accessible to everyone, including users with disabilities

Methods for Designing Usable Web Sites
Techniques written by Usability.gov, part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

Guild of Accessible Web Designers (GAWDS)
A world-wide association of organizations and accessible web designers and developers - designed to both promote and protect standards accessible design standards

5. Web Accessibility Validators

MAGpie
Media Access Generator - MAGPie is a free tool for creating captions and audio descriptions for rich media

Web Accessibility Toolbar
This free tool by Accessible Information Solutions can help you examine Web pages for many aspects of accessibility. It currently works only with Internet Explorer

Visicheck
Shows you what images and web pages look like to someone who is color blind

AnyBrowser
Check out web pages for browser compatibility verification using different screen sizes

WebSite Optimization
Calculates page size, composition, and download time

Illinois Accessible Web Publishing Wizard
Converts PowerPoint presentations, Word documents, and Excel spreadsheets to accessible HTML

Wave
Web Accessibility Versatile Evaluator (WAVE) - from WebAIM, this tool checks for accessibility based on Section 508 compliance

Cynthia Says
Identifies errors related to Section 508 standards and/or the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)

HiSoftware Site Tester
Identifies errors related to Section 508

Watchfire WebXACT (formerly Bobby)
Check one page at a time for quality, accessibility and privacy issues

W3C validator
Checks HTML and XHTML code for conformance to World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendations and other standards

LIFT Online
Tests for usability and accessibility, including Section 508

Web Design Group (WDG)
HTML validator

A-Prompt
Web accessibility verifier